Chinese Sites

(Source : : 중국 Sohu.com 월드컵소개 페이지)
(Web : http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/1321/2004/08/06/662@257371.htm)

 　国家概况国名 :  大韩民国（Republic Of Korea）。

      面积 99434平方公里（1999年）。人口4612万（2000年11月），为单一民族，通用韩国语，50％左右的人口信奉佛教、基督教等宗教。
     首都 汉城（Seoul），人口989万（2000年11月），面积605.52平方公里。
     国家元首 总统金大中（KIM Dae Jung），1997年12月当选，1998年2月25日正式就任，任期五年。
     简况 位于亚洲大陆东北朝鲜半岛的南半部。东濒日本海，西面与中国山东省隔海相望。半岛海岸线全长约17000公里（包括岛屿海岸线）。地形多为丘陵和平原，地势比半岛北半部低。属温带季风气候。年平均降水量南部地区1500毫米、中部地区1300毫米左右。
　　公元前后，朝鲜半岛一带出现新罗、高句丽、百济。公元7世纪中叶，新罗在半岛占据统治地位。公元10世纪初，高丽取代新罗。14世纪末，李氏王朝取代高丽，定国号为朝鲜。1910年8月沦为日本殖民地。1945年8月15日获得解放。同时，苏美两国军队以北纬38度线为界分别进驻北半部和南半部。1948年8月15日大韩民国宣告成立。历任总统有李承晚、尹氵普善、、朴正熙、崔圭夏、全斗焕、卢泰愚、金泳三、金大中。

(Source : : 중국계당불교학연구소)
(Web : http://www.jcedu.org/edu/ddfs/cxq/d03.htm)  

韩国佛教与天台宗

陈星桥　

　　很早以来，位于东亚的中国、韩国、日本三国人民即被一条“黄金纽带”联系在一起，它就是汉传佛教，其中中国佛教的天台宗即是这“黄金纽带”上的重要一环。在这里，笔者拟简要介绍一下韩国佛教与中国天台宗交往的历史，以纪念天台宗的实际创立者智者大师圆寂1400周年。

　　一
　　韩国佛教是在公元四世纪从中国传入的。当时朝鲜半岛分为高句丽、百济、新罗三国。公元372年，中国姚秦苻坚派遣使节以及沙门顺道法师赠送佛像和佛经给高句丽；公元384年，印度沙门摩罗难陀自中国东晋赴？济传教；此后不久，新罗则从高句丽接受了佛教

(Source : 중국의  한국문화신문처)
(Web : http://www.hanguo.net.cn/fact/date/index.php?type_n=249)  (Full Story)

韩国简史

韩国历史可追溯到公元前2333年。据说，韩国历史上的传奇人物檀君，是天神之子与一位以熊为图腾的部落的女子所生。檀君建立了韩国历史上第一个王国。历史学家将韩国的这段早期历史阶段称为“古朝鲜”时代。

    古代韩国最初以组成小城邦的氏族社会为特征，各小城邦又逐渐合并成政治结构复杂的部落联盟，并最终形成了王国。在这些部落联盟中，位于鸭绿江中游的高句丽（公元前37-公元668）最先建国。

    高句丽富于侵略性的军队逐一征服了周围的部落，并在公元313年甚至攻占了中国的乐浪地区。百济（公元前18～公元660）是由位于今天的汉城附近汉江南面的一个小城邦发展而成的类似高句丽的部落联盟王国。百济于近肖古王（346-375在位）统治时期发展成为一个由贵族统治的中央集权的国家。

    新罗王国（公元前57-公元935）位于韩半岛最南端，最初是三国中最弱小、最落后的国家。然而由于在地理上远离中国的影响，它很容易接受非中国的外来习俗和思想。它的社会阶级特征明显，后来产生了独特的“花郎团”并发展了佛教。

(Source : China's State-run Xinhua News Agency : 중국관영 신화통신의 한국소개페이지)
(Web : http://news3.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-06/13/content_438328.htm)  (Full Story)

 简史：公元一世纪后，朝鲜半岛形成高句丽、百济、新罗三个古国。公元七世纪中叶，新罗在半岛占据统治地位。公元１０世纪初，高句丽改号高丽，并取代了新罗的统治。１４世纪末，李氏王朝取代高丽，定国号为朝鲜。１９１０年８月沦为日本殖民地。１９４５年８月１５日获得解放。同时，苏、美两国军队以北纬３８度线为界分别进驻北半部和南半部。１９４８年８月１５日，大韩民国宣告成立。韩国于１９９１年９月１７日同朝鲜一起加入联合国。

 Translation in English : From the 1st century A.D., there were three ancient kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla in the Korea. In the 7th century, Silla marked the national unity by defeating Baekje and Goguryeo.

Translation in Korean :   조선반도(한반도)에는 서기 1세기 이후 고구려, 백제, 신라 등의 3국의 고대국가가 있었다. 7세기 중엽 신라가 조선반도를 통일했다.

(Source : 道敎文化資料庫, Daoism Culture & Information Center in Hong Kong)
(Web : http://www.eng.taoism.org.hk/general-daoism/development-of-daoism/pg1-2-8-3-5.asp)

Daoism in Korea  

There were many Daoist followers in Korea in the 7th century based on the Korean record in the Incidents of the Three Kingdoms. When the Gao Emperor of the Tang got to know of this situation, he sent Daoist priests and scriptures to Korea. Daoism became the national religion during the Korean Gaojuli Dynasty. Chinese Daoist priests went to Korea on religious missions and converted Buddhist temples into Daoist temples and their position was higher than that of Confucians.

In the Gaoli era (same time as the Song Dynasty), Emperor Rui Zong built the first Daoist Temple --Blessing Fount Palace, and conducted fasts and offerings to avoid disasters for the country. Prince Yuanzong practiced Daoist Keeping Awake at the Day of Genshen and made it a national custom. When Korea entered the Li Dynasty, they sent ambassadors to China to learn Daoist Fasts and Offerings rituals. Cheng Emperor of the Ming Dynasty sent persons specially assigned for taking 600 kinds of Daoist moral tracts to Korea. Because a Daoist organization was not formed in Korea, it vanished into folk beliefs or other religious beliefs (Heavenly Daoism). There are eleven Daoist temples in Korea and three hundred Daoist priests. Though Korean Daoist temples are quite different from those of China, it is alive and closely linked to the Korean's daily life.

(Source  : IATEFL China)
(Web : http://www.tefl-china.net/tefl/2003-tong.htm)

TONGHUA CONFERENCE CITY

Tonghua，a beautiful city，is located at the foot of Changbai Mountain at the South-east of Jilin Province．At the west，it borders on Kuandian City，Hengren City，Xinbin City and Qingyuan City of Liaoning Province．At the North，it abuts on Dongfeng City，Panshi City，Huadian City of Jilin Province．At the east，it borders on Jingyu Town，Jiangyuan Town and Baishan City of Jilin Province．At the south，there is Yalu River between Korea and Jilin Province．It is 125 Kilometres from the east to the west，and 238 Kilometres from the south to the north．The population is 2．2 million．

In spring，there are strong dry winds．In summer，it is warm with a lot of rain．Autumn is cool and winter is long．Tonghua is located in the development area of Changbai Mountain and Yalu River．It is picturesque scenery．There are many peculiar natural，pat or historical sights．All these are the good basic for travel development．

Tonghua shares it's splendor with Ji'an，a beautiful city at the riverside of Yalu River．The climate is warm．It is called“Small Jiangnan”of Jilin Province．Over the Yalu River，there are two hydroelectric installations，built by Korea and China．They are Yunfeng Hydroelectric Installation and Laohushao Hydroelectric Installation．The dams stand tall and upright，which make the rushing water become calm like a mirror．The landscape is as beautiful as Guilin．In the Yuhuang Moutain Park，there are many，many inimitable sights．Old trees reaching the sky，and Yuhuang pavilion，Watching River pavilion，Nine Dragons pavilion and Yuhuang maze and so on．It was the capital of Gaojuli．There are many historic sites for 1500 years．Royal cemetery formed by huge granite?“General Tomb”is called“Oriental Pyramid”． In the“Five Casques Tomb”and“Changchuan First Tomb”，there are visual frescos，which describe the developments of politics，Economy and culture of Gaojuli Period．And the old and grand“Good Tai King

 Stele”is the grate important words to textual research the history of Gaojuli．