학술증거

해외웹사이트

 중국웹사이트

 중국교과서

Article(기사)

Goguryeo/Koguryo is the Origin of Korea.  (See Below)

Source : Asia-Info)
(Web : http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/north%20korea/pro-painting.htm )

Korean Painting 

The earliest know Korean paintings were murals painted on walls of tombs of the Three Kingdoms period (57 B.C. - A.D. 668).  The paintings of Koguryo were generally dynamic and rhythmic, those of Paekche, elegant and refined, while the paintings of Shila were somewhat speculative and meticulous.  Little is known of the painting o the Unified Shilla period (668-935) as only one example survives, but it is believed that painting flourished during this culturally rich and harmonious period. 

 In the Koryo period (918-1392), painting flourished in great variety, with the heavy Buddhist influence reflected in temple murals and Buddhist scroll paintings.  Many master painters produced works of the so-call Four Gentlemen Plants (the plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and bamboo).  Early Chosun painters were unable to free themselves from conservative styles, but later painters showed increasing creativity and originality, and began painting genre paintings depicting scenes from everyday life.  Understandably, during the Japanese annexation period, traditional painting suffered although Western painting was introduced and became prevalent.  After liberation, interest in both traditional and Western painting grew rapidly, and today, both styles flourish in Korea.

Koguryo: Korean painting has developed steadily throughout its long history from the Three Kindgoms period (57 B.C. -A.D. 668) to modern times.  The earliest examples of the Three Kingdoms' paintings are found on the walls of Koguryo tombs in southern Manchuria and near P'yongyang (third-fourth century); and in Tomb 155 in Kyongju, capital of Shilla (sixth century).  It is said that while paintings of Koguryo are dynamic and rhythmic, the paintings of Shills are somewhat speculative and meticulous.

(Source : Asia-Art)
(Web : http://www.asia-art.net/korean_paint.html )

KOREAN PAINTING – Prehistory to the late 19th Century

Although Korean painting is not well known in the west, it has held an important place in Korea from a very early date.  One of the difficulties in studying Korean art is that conflict which has been so much a feature of life on the Korean peninsula through the ages has destroyed so much of what certainly existed in prior periods.  Additionally, invasion and conquest has resulted in much of the best of what remained after battle being removed to other countries where it is more difficult to study and relate it to other Korean developments.

Despite these complications in the study of Korean art, Korean art is fascinating because although it has been deeply influenced by Chinese art, the most productive periods in terms of art often do not coincide between the two countries.  This can be particularly noted in Koguryo wall paintings, Buddhist paintings of the Koryo period, landscape painting in the first portion of the Choson dynasty and the landscapes painted of Korean scenes in the eighteenth century.  Korean painting therefore was influenced by Chinese painting while still pursuing its own path.  This resulted in different results and developments than that found on the mainland and give Korean art an interest all its own.

The earliest historical record of painting in Korea comes from the area of Lelang in Korea where a tradition of painting existed from sometime around the founding of this kingdom in 108 B.C.  Painted baskets in the Pyongyang museum show numerous figures demonstrating filial piety.  These works show that painting was a well developed art form even at this early date.  When the Lelang area was conquered in AD 313, it is believed that some of its artisans and craftsmen were absorbed into Koguryo.

During the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, which was from 57 BC through 668 A.D, centers of civilization were found at Koguryo in the North which extended far into Manchuria, and at Paekche and Silla in the south.  Although there is still some discussion as to which civilization was oldest, scholars generally believe that the Kingdom around Koguryo was in fact the oldest.  Koguryo period painting of tombs offers the largest remaining examples of Korean painting from this period although tombs from Paekche and painted objects from Silla offer further demonstration as to the artistic measure of Koreas ancient civilizations.

The wall paintings of the Koguryo tombs are located in the North of Korea in the area around present-day Tong’gou and Pyongyang.  The tombs are large stone-built structures with multiple chambers and with paintings on the walls and ceilings.  The earliest tombs in Koguryo date from the third and fourth century A.D. and continue on through the sixth and seventh century A.D.  These later tombs, particularly the Great Tomb of Kangso, the tomb at Naeri and others are decorated with clouds and representations of birds, snakes and tortoises and also Buddhist elements such as the lotus and floral scrolls.  Similar decorative details are seen at the Takamatsu tomb in Nara in Japan and it is thought that this treatment probably reflected Korean influence in the arts during this period.

In addition to these Koguryo tomb paintings, one of the tombs from Paekche during the later period when their capital was at Puyo contains very fine examples of wall paintings with depiction’s of animals.  In Puyo itself, may fine tiles have been discovered with landscape designs that also display the artistic sensitivities of the artisans of this period.

(Source : Britannica Encyclopaedia)
(Web : http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=76203&tocid=0&query=unified%20silla%20dynasty )

Unified Silla Dynasty
 Encyclopædia Britannica Article

(668–935), dynasty that unified the three kingdoms of the Korean peninsula—Silla, Paekche, and Koguryo. The old Silla kingdom had forged an alliance with T'ang China (618–907) and had conquered the kingdom of Paekche to the southeast in 660 and the northern Korean kingdom of Koguryo—largest of the three—in 668.

This was the first occasion within historical times that the Korean peninsula had been…

(Source : Historyworld)
(Web : http://www.historyworld.net/index/indexsearch.asp?indexsearch=koguryo )

  INDEX SEARCH RESULTS FOR: KOGURYO  
  Koguryo - kingdom in Korea
  - revived in 10th century
  Kohima - battle in 1944
  Koh-i-Nur - taken by Nadir Shah
   - brief account
   Kojiki - Japanese legends
   Kokinshu - Japanese anthology
   - works in Tate Britain (Tate)
   Kolingba, Andre - president of CAR
   Kolkata - see Calcutta
   Kolokol - published by Herzen
     - - -
   ("Historyworld", a world-renowned website on history, also states "Koguryo  is Korea". --Ed)

(Source : Wordiq)
(Web : http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Rulers_of_Korea)

Rulers of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been ruled by a number of kingdoms and republics over the last several millennia. Listed below are the rulers and leaders of the major Korean dynasties and states from the beginning of the Common Era to the present day.

Table of contents

(Source : http://www.2hero.net)
(Web site :http://2hero.y365.com/aoegame/koreans.htm

The Koreans 高麗(314 - 1598)

    When Europe fell into its Dark Age, Korea had been divided into three competing kingdoms: Koguryo to the north, Paekche to the southwest, and Shilla to the southeast. In alliance with China, Shilla conquered the other two kingdoms in the 7th century and then expelled their erstwhile Chinese ally. The central authority of Shilla disintegrated in the 8th-9th centuries, however, under pressure from local lords. Korea was unified once again as Koryo in the 10th century and after that, recovered territory reaching up to the Amnok River border with China in 993. The civilian nobility was thrown out of power by a military coup in 1170 and military rule then lasted for sixty years.

    The Mongols invaded in 1231, initiating a 30-year struggle. The Mongols were often distracted by their wars in China and elsewhere but eventually brought enough power to bear that Koryo made peace with the invaders in 1258. Under the Mongols the Koryo maintained their distinct culture and were inspired to demonstrate their superiority to their conquerors through a burst of artistic accomplishment.

    Land reform, the rise of a new bureaucracy, the diminishment of Buddhism, and the rise of Confucianism around 1400 were part of the creation of a new kingdom, the Choson, that would rule Korea until the 20th century. China heavily influenced the Choson politically and culturally. Korea became an important center of learning, aided by the invention of movable type and the woodblock technique of publishing around 1234.

(Source  : Wikipedia)
(Web : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo)

Goguryeo  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Goguryeo or Koguryo (高句麗; 고구려; pinyin: gao1 gou1 li2) (1st century BC-668) was a kingdom in southern Manchuria and northern Korea. It is often referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla. It was named after Gaogouli (高勾驪; gao1 gou1 li2)', an ancient Chinese prefecture in Xuantu commandry (玄?) in modern Liaoning province.

History
According to Samguk Sagi, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the kingdom in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea. It gained power while China was fragmented. The maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu. During this period they ruled half of Korean penninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. The southernmost parf of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, the northwestern part was by Tang, and the rest was succeeded by Bohai.
Barhae, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.  

(Source  : Asian Research)
(Web : http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1613.html)

The forgotten glory of Koguryo
Korea WebWeekly. 10/14/2003

Koguryo, one of Korea's ancient three kingdoms, existed for 700 years ruled by 26 wise kings. All kings strove to better people's welfare and strengthen the military. Koguryo had to fight invaders from north and its citizens were well organized and train ed in the art of warfare. It developed unique culture and remarkably advanced educational, socio-political and military systems. Koguryo murals are rich in color and tone. Women dancing, warriors in practice, birds in the sky, dragons, fish in rivers, beasts in forests, wind and clouds of the murals appear so real and fresh, one fears they may jump out of the canvas at any time.

Both North and South Korea want the United Nations to designate Koguryo archeological sites a world cultural heritage in the same class as the Egyptian pyramids and the Mayan temples. After so many years of neglect and plunder, the past glory of Koguryo is fast disappearing.

Koguryo relics are situated in North Korea and Manchuria. South Korea is off limit to these sites. North Korea has limited technical and financial resources to explore and preserve the sites in North Korea. China has little interest in preserving its former ruler of Manchuria.